Diffusion of WATER ONLY through a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves toward more solute. No ATP needed.
Remember
Water follows solute
Water moves where there's more dissolved stuff
Tonicity
Solution
Water Moves
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Hypotonic
INTO cell
Swells/bursts
Turgid ✅
Hypertonic
OUT of cell
Shrinks
Plasmolysis
Isotonic
Both ways equally
Normal
Normal
Memory TrickHypo = less solute outside. Hyper = more solute outside. Iso = equal.
⚖️
Homeostasis & Feedback Loops
Maintaining balance
⭐ Test Topic
▼
What Is Homeostasis?
The ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes. Body constantly adjusts temperature, blood sugar, pH, and water balance.
Feedback Types
Negative Feedback
Counteracts change — restores set point
Most common. Ex: temperature, blood sugar
Positive Feedback
Amplifies change — pushes further
Rare. Ex: childbirth contractions
⚠️ Confusion"Negative" doesn't mean bad! It MAINTAINS balance by opposing change.
"Please Make A Tiger" — Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Phase
Key Events
Hook
Prophase
Chromosomes condense, spindle forms, nuclear envelope breaks down
Prepare
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up at the MIDDLE equator
Middle
Anaphase
Sister chromatids pulled APART to poles
Apart
Telophase
Nuclear envelopes reform, chromosomes decondense
Two nuclei
Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm splits → 2 identical daughter cells
Done!
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Feature
Mitosis
Meiosis
Purpose
Growth & repair
Sex cells
Cells produced
2 identical diploid
4 unique haploid
Crossing over?
No
Yes
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Scientists
Cell Theory history
🦠
Cell Types
Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
⚙️
Organelles
Parts & functions
💧
Diffusion
Concentration gradient
🌊
Osmosis
Tonicity & water
⚖️
Homeostasis
Feedback & balance
🔁
Cell Cycle
G1, S, G2, M phases
🔬
Mitosis
PMAT & cell division
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Test
📐 Math
Circumference & Area of Circles
⭕
Key Formulas
The two most important formulas
⭐ Must Know
▼
Circumference
Formula 1 (using diameter)
C = π × d
d = diameter (all the way across)
Formula 2 (using radius)
C = 2 × π × r
r = radius (center to edge)
Memory Trick
Cherry Pie Delicious
C = π × d
Area
Formula
A = π × r²
r = radius, squared means × itself
Steps
1. Find radius → 2. Square it → 3. Multiply by π
Memory Trick
Apple Pies are Round
A = π × r²
🔢
Key Terms
Radius, diameter, pi, and more
▼
Vocabulary
Term
Definition
Tip
Radius (r)
Distance from center to edge
Half the diameter
Diameter (d)
Distance all the way across
d = 2r
Pi (π)
≈ 3.14 (or 22/7)
Never-ending number
Circumference
Distance around the circle
Like the perimeter
Area
Space inside the circle
Measured in units²
⚠️ Common MistakeArea uses r² (radius squared). Circumference uses d or r but does NOT square them!
🧮
Example Problems
Step-by-step walkthroughs
▼
Circumference Example
A circle has a diameter of 10 cm. Find the circumference.
Step 1
Write formula: C = π × d
Step 2
Plug in: C = 3.14 × 10
Step 3
Solve: C = 31.4 cm
Area Example
A circle has a radius of 5 cm. Find the area.
Step 1
Write formula: A = π × r²
Step 2
Square r: 5² = 25
Step 3
Multiply: 3.14 × 25 = 78.5 cm²
Finding Radius from Diameter
If you're given the diameter but need radius: divide by 2
Example
d = 14 → r = 14 ÷ 2 = 7
✏️ Math Quiz
Circles — Circumference & Area
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📖 ELA
Uglies by Scott Westerfeld
📖
Book Overview
Setting, premise & themes
⭐ Start Here
▼
Basic Info
Author
Scott Westerfeld
Genre
Dystopian / Sci-Fi / YA
Setting
Future city, ~300 years from now
Series
Book 1 of the Uglies series
The Premise
In this future society, everyone is considered "ugly" until they turn 16. At 16, everyone gets a surgery to become "pretty" — perfectly beautiful by society's standards. The story follows Tally Youngblood as she questions whether beauty and conformity are worth the cost.
Key IdeaThe surgery doesn't just change looks — it changes how people think, making them shallow and easy to control.
Major Themes
Beauty & Conformity
Society forces everyone to look the same — is that freedom or control?
Identity
Who are you when society erases what makes you different?
Government Control
The Specials use beauty as a tool to keep people obedient
Friendship & Loyalty
Tally must choose between her friend Shay and becoming Pretty
👥
Main Characters
Who's who in Uglies
▼
Characters
Tally Youngblood
Main character. Almost 16, desperate to become Pretty. Grows into a rebel when she learns the truth.
Shay
Tally's best friend. Refuses the surgery and runs away to the Smoke.
David
Leader's son in the Smoke. Grew up never having the surgery. Falls for Tally.
Dr. Cable
Leader of Special Circumstances. The main antagonist — manipulates Tally.
Peris
Tally's childhood best friend. Already turned Pretty at the start of the book.
The Smoke
Not a person — a hidden community of runaways who refused the surgery.
📝
Plot Summary
Key events chapter by chapter
▼
Story Arc
Part
What Happens
Beginning
Tally is an Ugly, 3 months from surgery. Her friend Peris already turned Pretty. She sneaks into New Pretty Town.
Rising Action
Tally meets Shay, who doesn't want the surgery. Shay runs away to "the Smoke" — a hidden rebel settlement.
Conflict
Dr. Cable blackmails Tally — find the Smoke or never become Pretty. Tally agrees and follows Shay's coded directions.
Climax
Tally arrives at the Smoke, discovers the surgery also brain-damages people. She accidentally triggers a tracker.
Resolution
Special Circumstances raids the Smoke. To save David's parents, Tally turns herself in to get the surgery.
💡
Literary Devices
Figurative language & techniques
▼
Key Techniques
Device
Definition
Example from Uglies
Dystopia
A seemingly perfect society with dark underlying control
Everyone becomes "pretty" but loses free thought
Symbolism
Objects/ideas representing something deeper
Surgery = conformity and loss of identity
Foreshadowing
Hints at future events
Shay's resistance hints at the rebellion to come
Irony
Opposite of what's expected
"Pretty" surgery makes people ugly on the inside
Conflict
Internal and external struggle
Tally torn between fitting in and doing what's right
✏️ ELA Quiz
Uglies by Scott Westerfeld
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🌍 Social Studies
The Cold War
🌐
What Was the Cold War?
Overview & causes
⭐ Start Here
▼
Quick Overview
The Cold War was a period of political tension between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR) from roughly 1947 to 1991. It was called "cold" because the two superpowers never directly fought each other — instead they competed through proxy wars, arms races, and propaganda.
USA Side
Democracy & Capitalism
NATO alliance. Leader of the "free world."
USSR Side
Communism
Warsaw Pact alliance. Controlled Eastern Europe.
Duration
1947–1991 (~44 years)
Why "Cold"?
No direct military combat between USA & USSR
Main Causes
Cause
Explanation
Ideological Differences
USA (democracy/capitalism) vs USSR (communism) — totally opposite systems
Post-WWII Power Vacuum
After WW2, USA and USSR emerged as the two superpowers
Soviet Expansion
USSR took control of Eastern European countries after WW2
Atomic Bomb
USA had nuclear weapons first — USSR feared this and raced to catch up
🔑
Key Events
Timeline of major moments
▼
Timeline
Year
Event
Why It Matters
1947
Truman Doctrine
USA pledges to stop the spread of communism
1949
USSR gets atomic bomb
Now both sides have nukes — arms race begins
1950–53
Korean War
USA vs communist North Korea — first proxy war
1957
Sputnik launched
USSR first in space — space race begins
1961
Berlin Wall built
Divides communist East and democratic West Berlin
1962
Cuban Missile Crisis
Closest the world came to nuclear war
1969
Moon Landing
USA wins the space race
1989
Berlin Wall falls
Symbol of Cold War ending
1991
USSR dissolves
Cold War officially ends — USA wins
⚛️
Key Concepts
Terms you need to know
▼
Vocabulary
Term
Definition
Containment
US policy to stop communism from spreading to new countries
Arms Race
USA & USSR competing to build more/better nuclear weapons
Proxy War
Two superpowers support opposite sides in another country's war
Iron Curtain
Imaginary line dividing communist Eastern Europe from the West
MAD
Mutually Assured Destruction — both sides would be destroyed in nuclear war
Space Race
USA vs USSR competing to achieve space milestones first
NATO
US-led military alliance of Western democratic nations
Warsaw Pact
Soviet-led military alliance of communist nations
⚠️ RememberMAD = neither side dares to launch nukes first because both would be destroyed. This actually kept the peace!
🏁
How It Ended
The fall of the Soviet Union
▼
Why the USSR Collapsed
Economic Failure
Communism couldn't keep up with the cost of the arms race
Gorbachev's Reforms
Glasnost (openness) and Perestroika (restructuring) loosened control
Berlin Wall Falls 1989
Symbol that communist control was crumbling
1991
USSR officially breaks apart into 15 separate countries
✏️ Social Studies Quiz
The Cold War
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